Introduction

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) are two severe, life-threatening complications of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of these conditions is significant, affecting a large proportion of the diabetic population. They are often the result of a cascade of events triggered by acute illnesses, non-adherence to medication, or new-onset diabetes. For pharmacists, understanding the intricacies of DKA and HHS is critical for effective management, including the accurate interpretation of diagnostic tests and the application of evidence-based pharmacotherapy. In recent years, there have been advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment protocols of DKA and HHS. This lesson will delve into the clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and evidence-based management strategies for DKA and HHS, with an emphasis on the pivotal role of pharmacists in patient care.