1. Protocols for Fluid Tapering and Oral Hydration Transition

As capillary leak resolves, typically 48–72 hours post-burn, a stepwise reduction of intravenous fluids is critical to prevent both under-resuscitation and iatrogenic fluid overload. Close monitoring of hemodynamic and volume status guides the tapering process and ensures a safe transition to oral intake.

1.1 Indicators of Restored Capillary Integrity and Hemodynamic Stability

• Urine output: Stable at 0.5 mL/kg/hr (or 30–50 mL/hr) without an increase in the crystalloid infusion rate.
• Mean arterial pressure (MAP): Maintained at or above 65 mm Hg on minimal or no vasopressor support.
• Laboratory markers: Hematocrit trending toward baseline, a plateau in weight gain, serum lactate less than 2 mmol/L, and correction of any base deficit.

1.2 Tapering Algorithms and Volume Reduction Schedules

At 48 hours post-burn, if stability criteria are met, begin reducing the crystalloid infusion rate by 25% every 6 hours. A typical schedule is as follows:

• 48–54 hours: Reduce to 75% of the initial maintenance rate.
• 54–60 hours: Reduce to 50% of the maintenance rate.
• 60–66 hours: Reduce to 25% of the maintenance rate.
• > 66 hours: Assess for transition to oral intake.

Rescue colloid therapy, such as 5% albumin at a dose of 0.5–1 g/kg over 4–6 hours, may be considered to support oncotic pressure after the capillary leak has subsided (typically after 24 hours).

1.3 Oral Hydration Strategies and Monitoring

• Criteria for oral trial: IV rate less than 10 mL/kg/hr, return of gastrointestinal function, and sustained hemodynamic stability.
• Oral fluid goal: Aim for 1.5–2 L/m²/day, adjusted for the percent total body surface area (%TBSA) burned and ongoing insensible losses.
• Electrolyte monitoring: Check sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and creatinine every 12–24 hours during the transition.
• Patient education: Instruct patients to consume isotonic oral solutions, weigh themselves daily, and use fluid diaries or mobile reminders to track intake.

2. Transition from Parenteral to Enteral Nutrition

Early enteral feeding, initiated within 4–6 hours after resuscitation is complete, is crucial for supporting gut integrity, modulating the hypermetabolic response, and promoting anabolism. Careful device management, titration of calories and protein, and monitoring for complications are key to meeting nutritional goals.

2.1 Timing and Indications for Enteral Access

• Indication: Enteral nutrition should begin once hemodynamics have stabilized with minimal vasopressor requirements and in the absence of gastrointestinal contraindications like ileus or bowel obstruction.
• Access options: A nasogastric tube is often the first choice, but a nasojejunal (post-pyloric) tube should be considered for patients at high risk of aspiration.
• Confirmation and care: Placement must be confirmed by x-ray or pH testing. Secure the tube with appropriate dressings and perform regular site care.

2.2 Caloric and Protein Requirement Adjustments

• Gold standard: Indirect calorimetry should be used to measure resting energy expenditure and guide caloric goals whenever available.
• Predictive equations: If calorimetry is unavailable, use validated predictive equations (e.g., Penn State, Harris-Benedict) multiplied by appropriate stress factors.
• Protein target: Aim for 1.5–2.0 g/kg/day, adjusting based on muscle mass, wound healing progress, and nitrogen balance studies.

2.3 Management of Enteral Feeding Complications

• Diarrhea: Check the formula’s osmolarity, obtain fecal cultures to rule out infection, slow the infusion rate, and consider adding soluble fiber.
• Aspiration: Maintain the head of the bed at ≥ 30 degrees, use prokinetic agents (e.g., metoclopramide 10 mg IV q6–8 hr), and consider transitioning to post-pyloric feeding.
• Tube occlusion: Flush the tube with 20 mL of water every 4 hours. Use enzyme-based declogging agents for blockages and replace tubes according to institutional protocol.

3. Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS) Risk Identification and Mitigation

Survivors of major burn injuries face significant long-term physical, cognitive, and psychological sequelae, collectively known as Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS). Early mobilization and systematic implementation of the ABCDEF bundle are proven strategies to reduce these complications and support functional recovery.

3.1 Early Mobility Protocols and Rehabilitation Engagement

• Initiate passive range of motion and sitting at the bedside within 48–72 hours of admission, as tolerated.
• Progress to standing and ambulation as sedation is lightened and the patient is hemodynamically stable.
• Collaborate closely with physical and occupational therapists (PT/OT) to set daily mobility goals and track functional benchmarks.

3.2 ABCDEF Bundle Implementation in Burn Populations

The ABCDEF bundle is a multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach to optimizing ICU patient care and outcomes.

3.3 Psychological, Cognitive, and Nutritional Support

• Mental Health: Screen for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression using validated tools (e.g., Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – HADS). Engage psychology services early for coping strategies and sleep hygiene education.
• Nutritional Support: Continue a high-protein diet throughout recovery. Consider oral nutritional supplements, particularly those enriched with leucine, to support muscle synthesis.

4. Medication Reconciliation and Discharge Planning

A structured, multidisciplinary handoff is essential to ensure continued fluid balance, nutrition, and monitoring in the outpatient setting. Comprehensive patient education and telemedicine support can improve adherence and facilitate early detection of complications.

4.1 Continuation and De-escalation of Therapies

• Fluid Plan: Create a clear oral fluid plan that matches intake to residual insensible losses. If albumin was used, establish a weaning schedule.
• Nutrition Plan: If supplemental parenteral nutrition (PN) was required, transition to full enteral nutrition (EN), then systematically transition from EN to a full oral diet over 3–5 days.

4.2 Transition to Oral Medications and Supplements

• Analgesics: Convert IV opioids to long-acting oral formulations. Incorporate non-opioid adjuncts like acetaminophen and NSAIDs if not contraindicated.
• Wound-Healing Supplements: Prescribe supplements known to support healing, such as Vitamin C (500 mg PO BID) and Zinc (220 mg PO daily), along with a daily multivitamin.
• Home Parenteral Nutrition (PN): This is reserved for rare cases of severe malabsorption or prolonged GI dysfunction. If required, the patient and/or caregiver must be thoroughly trained on pump operation and aseptic technique.

4.3 Patient Education and Follow-Up

• Education Tools: Provide written fluid and diet plans, symptom diaries, and “red-flag” checklists outlining when to seek medical attention.
• Follow-Up Monitoring: Schedule outpatient visits at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-discharge to assess progress.
• Telemedicine Support: Utilize telehealth for convenient follow-up on weight, hydration status, and visual wound assessment.