Summary

Chronic heart failure is a major public health problem that results from structural or functional abnormalities impairing cardiac pumping. Key manifestations are dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention. HFrEF involves impaired systolic function, while HFpEF demonstrates diastolic dysfunction. Neurohormonal activation drives disease progression. Managing neurohormonal activation using renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, beta blockers, SGLT2 inhibitors and aldosterone antagonists improves outcomes in HFrEF. Recent data supports sacubitril/valsartan and SGLT2 inhibitors for HFpEF. Diuretics relieve congestion. Lifestyle modifications, patient education, and monitoring are also critical. Multidisciplinary management programs optimize care.