Management Strategies

Pharmacological Management

• Levodopa/Carbidopa: Central to PD management; improves motor symptoms.
• Dopamine Agonists: Mimic dopamine effects; used in early-stage or with Levodopa.
• MAO-B Inhibitors: Enhance dopaminergic signaling; beneficial in early disease.
• COMT Inhibitors: Extend Levodopa’s effect; used in fluctuating patients.
• Anticholinergics: Target tremor and rigidity; limited by side effects.
• Amantadine: Improves dyskinesia; benefits may be temporary.

Non-Pharmacological Management

• Physical Therapy: Focuses on mobility, flexibility, and balance.
• Occupational Therapy: Aids daily living activities; ergonomic adaptations.
• Speech Therapy: Addresses speech and swallowing issues.
• Exercise: Regular aerobic and strength training; enhances general well-being.
• Dietary Adjustments: Balanced nutrition; addresses gastrointestinal issues.
• Cognitive and Emotional Support: Counseling, support groups.
• Deep Brain Stimulation: For refractory motor symptoms; requires eligibility assessment.

Integrative Approach

• Combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.
• Tailored to individual patient needs and disease stage.
• Regular follow-up and adjustment of therapy are essential.