Introduction

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment. It occurs when the volume of the brain parenchyma, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid rises, resulting in elevated pressure within the skull. The normal ICP range is 5-15 mmHg in adults and 3-7 mmHg in children. An ICP above 20-25 mmHg for over 5 minutes is considered elevated and interventions should be implemented to prevent herniation and irreversible neurological damage. Increased ICP is commonly seen in traumatic brain injury, strokes, tumors, infections, and hemorrhages.

As clinical pharmacists, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of this disease state as it plays a crucial role in the management of patients. Increased intracerebral pressure occurs when there is an abnormal increase in pressure within the skull, leading to potentially severe consequences. This chapter will delve into the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management strategies for increased intracerebral pressure. By familiarizing ourselves with these key aspects, we can contribute to optimizing patient outcomes and ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmacotherapy.