1. Weaning and Tapering Protocols

Rationale: Gradual dose reduction of antiemetic therapies is crucial to prevent rebound nausea and symptoms of physiologic withdrawal. A standardized, symptom-monitored approach that reduces dosage by 20%–25% every 24–48 hours aligns with receptor dynamics and accommodates changes in organ function during recovery.

A. Stepwise Tapering Strategy

• Maintain the final effective therapeutic dose for at least 24–48 hours after complete symptom resolution.
• Reduce continuous infusions or total daily intermittent doses by approximately 20%–25% every 24–48 hours.
• If breakthrough nausea or vomiting occurs, administer a rescue antiemetic and hold the taper. Resume the tapering schedule once symptoms are controlled for a 24-hour period.

B. Physiologic Rationale for Tapering

• Dopamine-2 Antagonists (e.g., metoclopramide): Abrupt discontinuation can lead to a cholinergic rebound effect, potentially causing abdominal cramping or diarrhea.
• Serotonin-3 Antagonists (e.g., ondansetron): While less common, sudden cessation after prolonged use can trigger transient receptor hypersensitivity and a return of nausea.

C. Organ Function Considerations

• Hepatic Impairment: For drugs with significant hepatic metabolism, the tapering rate should be slowed to match the reduced clearance and prevent drug accumulation.
• Renal Dysfunction: For renally eliminated agents, extending the dosing intervals is often more effective than reducing the dose, especially as kidney function recovers.

2. Intravenous-to-Enteral Conversion

Rationale: Transitioning from intravenous (IV) to enteral (PO/FT) administration is a key step in de-escalation. This requires careful assessment of gastrointestinal (GI) function, calculation of bioavailability-corrected doses, and close monitoring during an initial 48–72 hour adjustment window.

1. Assess Gastrointestinal Readiness:
   • Confirm the presence of bowel sounds, minimal gastric residual volumes (<250 mL), and tolerance of enteral nutrition.
   • Identify the type of enteral access: nasogastric (NG) tube placement may lead to different absorption profiles than post-pyloric (jejunal) placement.
2. Apply Dose Conversion Principles:
   • Ondansetron: An IV dose of 8 mg is approximately equivalent to a total daily PO dose of 16 mg (e.g., 8 mg PO twice daily) to account for its ~56% oral bioavailability.
   • Metoclopramide: An IV dose of 10 mg is nearly equivalent to a PO dose of 10–12.5 mg, given its high oral bioavailability (~80%).
   • Always round to the nearest available tablet strength or liquid preparation.
3. Follow Administration Best Practices:
   • To optimize absorption, consider holding enteral feeds for 30 minutes before and after administering medications via feeding tube.
   • Never crush enteric-coated or extended-release formulations; switch to an immediate-release or liquid equivalent.
4. Monitor and Adjust Therapy:
   • Assess nausea using a VAS scale every 8 hours. A score ≥4/10 may warrant a 25% dose increase or the addition of a rescue agent.
   • Check gastric residual volumes every 4 hours. A volume >250 mL may indicate a need for a prokinetic agent or repositioning of the feeding tube.
   • Perform a daily ECG if the patient is on QTc-prolonging agents like ondansetron. A QTc >500 ms necessitates dose reduction or switching to a different antiemetic class.

3. Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS) Mitigation

Rationale: Proactive measures are essential to prevent the long-term physical, cognitive, and psychological morbidities known as Post-ICU Syndrome (PICS). This involves a bundled approach to care, early mobilization, and dedicated support systems.

The ABCDEF Bundle

Systematic implementation of the ABCDEF bundle is the cornerstone of PICS prevention. It is a multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach to optimizing patient recovery in the ICU.

Physical, Cognitive, and Psychological Support

• Early Mobilization: Progress from passive range-of-motion exercises to active participation in sitting, standing, and ambulation as soon as hemodynamically feasible. This should be coordinated with nutritional support, targeting 1.2–2.0 g/kg/day of protein to rebuild muscle mass.
• Cognitive and Psychological Care: Employ nonpharmacologic delirium prevention strategies like frequent reorientation, maintaining sleep-wake cycles, and minimizing noise. Screen patients for anxiety, depression, and PTSD before discharge and arrange for follow-up in multidisciplinary PICS clinics that include pharmacy, psychology, and physical therapy.

4. Medication Reconciliation and Discharge Planning

Rationale: A meticulous medication reconciliation process is one of the most effective strategies to prevent post-discharge adverse drug events. This must be paired with robust patient education, clear follow-up plans, and structured handoffs to outpatient providers.

1. Comprehensive Medication Review

Perform a three-way comparison of pre-admission medications, the current in-hospital regimen, and the proposed discharge list. This process should explicitly focus on:

• Deprescribing: Identify and discontinue medications that are no longer indicated, such as prokinetics after gastroparesis has resolved or stress ulcer prophylaxis in low-risk patients.
• Dose Adjustments: Re-evaluate all medications for necessary dose adjustments based on the patient’s recovering (or changed) renal and hepatic function.

2. Patient and Caregiver Education

• Use the teach-back method to confirm understanding of dosing schedules, administration techniques (e.g., with or without food), and key side effects to monitor.
• Provide clear, written handouts that summarize the medication schedule and include nonpharmacologic tips for managing symptoms like nausea (e.g., small, frequent meals; hydration).
• Schedule a follow-up phone call from a pharmacist or nurse within 72 hours of discharge to reinforce education, address questions, and adjust therapy if needed.

3. Warning Signs and Structured Follow-Up

Empower patients to seek help by clearly defining red flag symptoms that warrant an urgent call or emergency room visit, such as recurrent vomiting, signs of dehydration, palpitations, or new neurologic symptoms. Ensure that follow-up appointments with specialists (e.g., gastroenterology, palliative care) are scheduled within 1–2 weeks post-discharge and that home health services are arranged for patients with ongoing needs like enteral tube management.