Pre-Quiz: Biostatistics

A pharmaceutical company has conducted a study to test the efficacy of a new anti-diabetic drug. The mean reduction in HbA1c levels recorded in the study population (n=100) was found to be 1.5 ± 0.3%. The 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for the mean reduction of HbA1c levels within this population was calculated to be (1.3%, 1.7%). What is the appropriate conclusion based on this interval?

The new drug is ineffective, as there is a 95% certainty that the true mean reduction in HbA1c levels is between 1.3% and 1.7%.
The new drug is effective, and there is a 95% certainty that the true mean reduction in HbA1c levels is between 1.3% and 1.7%.
The new drug is effective, but there is only a 5% certainty that the true mean reduction in HbA1c levels is between 1.3% and 1.7%.
The new drug is ineffective, as there is only a 5% certainty that the true mean reduction in HbA1c levels is between 1.3% and 1.7%.

A 75-year-old male patient with hypertension participates in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a new antihypertensive medication in reducing systolic blood pressure. The patient’s systolic blood pressure increases despite being compliant with the medication regimen and not reporting any adverse effects. The study team suspects that there may be a source of confounding affecting the patient’s response to the new medication. What is the most likely source of confounding in this trial?

A) Internal validity
B) External validity
C) Selection bias
D) Residual confounding

A clinical trial is conducted to determine the effectiveness of a new drug in treating hypertension. The study compares the mean blood pressure reduction in two groups of patients: one group receives treatment A (the new drug) and the other group receives treatment B (standard therapy). The null hypothesis (H0) states there is no difference between the groups. The trial results provide enough evidence to reject H0. Which of the following conclusions is accurate?

Treatment A and B have the same mean blood pressure reduction.
Treatment A has a lower mean blood pressure reduction than treatment B.
Treatment A has a greater mean blood pressure reduction than treatment B.
Treatment A has a different mean blood pressure reduction than treatment B.

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