Guidelines
- Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, Bare M, Bleck T, Dodson WE, Garrity L, Jagoda A, Lowenstein D, Pellock J, Riviello J, Sloan E, Treiman DM. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016 Jan-Feb;16(1):48-61. doi: 10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48. PMID: 26900382; PMCID: PMC4749120.
- Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T, Laroche SM, Riviello JJ Jr, Shutter L, Sperling MR, Treiman DM, Vespa PM; Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Aug;17(1):3-23. doi: 10.1007/s12028-012-9695-z. PMID: 22528274.
Primary Literature
- Agarwal P, Kumar N, Chandra R, et al. Randomized study of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in status epilepticus. Seizure 2007;16:527-32.
- Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(9):631–7
- Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(7):591–600
- Navarro V, Dagron C, Elie C, et al. Prehospital treatment with levetiracetam plus clonazepam or placebo plus clonazepam in status epilepticus (SAMUKeppra): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(1):47–55.
- Sathe AG, Tillman H, Coles LD, et al. Underdosing of benzodiazepines in patients with status epilepticus enrolled in established status epilepticus treatment trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(8):940–3.
- Chakravarthi S. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin in management of status epilepticus. J Clin Neurosci. 2015 Jun;22(6):959-63.
- Mundlamuri RC. Management of generalised convulsive status epilepticus (SE): A prospective randomised controlled study of combined treatment with intravenous lorazepam with either phenytoin, sodium valproate or levetiracetam–Pilot study. Epilepsy Res. 2015 Aug;114:52-8.
- Nakamura K. Efficacy of levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin for the recurrence of seizures after status epilepticus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jun;96(25):e7206
- Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, Barsan W, Cloyd J, Lowenstein D, Shinnar S, Conwit R, Meinzer C, Cock H, Fountain N, Connor JT, Silbergleit R; NETT and PECARN Investigators. Randomized Trial of Three Anticonvulsant Medications for Status Epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2019 Nov 28;381(22):2103-2113. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1905795. PMID: 31774955; PMCID: PMC7098487.
- Alvarez V, Lee JW, Westover MB, Drislane FW, Novy J, Faouzi M, Marchi NA, Dworetzky BA, Rossetti AO. Therapeutic coma for status epilepticus: Differing practices in a prospective multicenter study. Neurology. 2016 Oct 18;87(16):1650-1659. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003224. Epub 2016 Sep 24. PMID: 27664985; PMCID: PMC5085074.
- Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, et al. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review. Epilepsia 2002;43:146-53.
- Fernandez A, Lantigua H, Lesch C, et al. High-dose midazolam infusion for refractory status epilepticus. Neurology 2014;82:359-65.
- Hottinger A, Sutter R, Marsch S, et al. Topiramate as an adjunctive treatment in patients with refractory status epilepticus: an observational cohort study. CNS Drugs 2012;26:761-72.
- Rossetti AO, Milligan TA, Vulliemoz S, et al. A randomized trial for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2011;14:4-10.
- Synowiec AS, Singh DS, Yenugadhati V, et al. Ketamine use in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2013;105:183-8.
- Alkhachroum A, Der-Nigoghossian CA, Mathews E, Massad N, Letchinger R, Doyle K, Chiu WT, Kromm J, Rubinos C, Velazquez A, Roh D, Agarwal S, Park S, Connolly ES, Claassen J. Ketamine to treat super-refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2020 Oct 20;95(16):e2286-e2294. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010611. Epub 2020 Sep 1. PMID: 32873691; PMCID: PMC7713785.
- Höfler J, Rohracher A, Kalss G, Zimmermann G, Dobesberger J, Pilz G, Leitinger M, Kuchukhidze G, Butz K, Taylor A, Novak H, Trinka E. (S)-Ketamine in Refractory and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Retrospective Study. CNS Drugs. 2016 Sep;30(9):869-76. doi: 10.1007/s40263-016-0371-2. PMID: 27465262; PMCID: PMC4996879.
- Sabharwal V, Ramsay E, Martinez R, Shumate R, Khan F, Dave H, Iwuchukwu I, McGrade H. Propofol-ketamine combination therapy for effective control of super-refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav. 2015 Nov;52(Pt A):264-6. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.07.040. Epub 2015 Nov 6. PMID: 26523340.
- Synowiec AS, Singh DS, Yenugadhati V, Valeriano JP, Schramke CJ, Kelly KM. Ketamine use in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 2013 Jul;105(1-2):183-8. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.01.007. Epub 2013 Jan 29. PMID: 23369676.
- Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:792-8.
- Lyttle MD, Rainford NEA, Gamble C, Messahel S, Humphreys A, Hickey H, Woolfall K, Roper L, Noblet J, Lee ED, Potter S, Tate P, Iyer A, Evans V, Appleton RE; Paediatric Emergency Research in the United Kingdom & Ireland (PERUKI) collaborative. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2019 May 25;393(10186):2125-2134. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30724-X. Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 31005385; PMCID: PMC6551349.
- Dalziel SR, Borland ML, Furyk J, Bonisch M, Neutze J, Donath S, Francis KL, Sharpe C, Harvey AS, Davidson A, Craig S, Phillips N, George S, Rao A, Cheng N, Zhang M, Kochar A, Brabyn C, Oakley E, Babl FE; PREDICT research network. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 May 25;393(10186):2135-2145. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30722-6. Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 31005386.
Review Articles
- Claassen J, Goldstein JN. Emergency Neurological Life Support: Status Epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2017 Sep;27(Suppl 1):152-158. doi: 10.1007/s12028-017-0460-1. PMID: 28913605.
- Vossler DG, Bainbridge JL, Boggs JG, Novotny EJ, Loddenkemper T, Faught E, Amengual-Gual M, Fischer SN, Gloss DS, Olson DM, Towne AR, Naritoku D, Welty TE. Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Comprehensive Review by the American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee. Epilepsy Curr. 2020 Sep;20(5):245-264. doi: 10.1177/1535759720928269. Epub 2020 Aug 21. PMID: 32822230; PMCID: PMC7576920.
- Kobata H, Hifumi T, Hoshiyama E, Yamakawa K, Nakamura K, Soh M, Kondo Y, Yokobori S; Japan Resuscitation Council (JRC) Neuroresuscitation Task Force and the Guidelines Editorial Committee. Comparison of diazepam and lorazepam for the emergency treatment of adult status epilepticus: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Acute Med Surg. 2020 Nov 4;7(1):e582. doi: 10.1002/ams2.582. PMID: 33489240; PMCID: PMC7809602.
