Guidelines
- Walters BC, Hadley MN, Hurlbert RJ. et al. Guidelines for the Management of Acute Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries: 2013 Update. Clinical Neurosurgery. 2013;60:82-91
- Early Acute Management in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: A Clinical Practice Guideline
PRIMARY LITERATURE
Methylprednisolone/Naloxone
- (NASCIS 1) Bracken MB, Collins WF, Freeman DF, et al. Efficacy of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury. Journal of the American Medical Association 1984;251:45-52.
- (NASCIS 2) Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Methylprednisolone or Naloxone in the Treatment of Acute Spinal-Cord Injury. The New England Journal of Medicine. 17 May, 1990;322(20):1405-11.
- (NASCIS 3) Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR, et al. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the third national acute spinal cord injury randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997;277:1597-60.
- Ceftriaxone Plus Methylprednisolone Combination Therapy Versus Methylprednisolone Monotherapy in Patients With Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized, Triple-Blind Clinical Trial. International Journal of Spine Surgery 2020. 14(5);706-12.
Blood Pressure Management
REVIEW ARTICLES
General Management
- ENLS – Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Manuscript
- Ball PA. Critical care of spinal cord injury. Spine. 2001;26:27-30.
- Cardiac dysfunctions following spinal cord injury. J Med Life. 2009;2(2):133–145.
Pharmacotherapy
- US Pharmacist – Acute Hospital Management of Spinal Cord Injuries in Adults
- Neuroprotection and Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Reappraisal
- Steroids for Acute Spinal Cord Injury
- Management of Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Literature (2021)
Blood Pressure Management
- Hemodynamic Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Literature Review. Neurospine 2021;18(1):7-14.
- Saadeh Y, et al. The impact of blood pressure management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;43(5);1-20.
BLOGS/PODCASTS
- emDocs.com – Neurotrauma Resuscitation
- REBEL EM – Spinal Immobilization in Trauma Patients
- emDocs.com – Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: ED presentations, evaluation, and management
- Stony Brook EM – What is Spinal Shock?
- Life in the Fast Lane – Trauma! Spinal Injury
- SCI-INFO-PAGES – Quadriplegic, Paraplegic, and Caregiver Resources: Spinal cord injury levels and classification
