Guidelines
- Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al. Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery 2006;58:S16
- Whitlock RP, Sun JC, Fremes SE, Rubens FD, Teoh KH. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for valvular disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e576S-e600S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2305. PMID: 22315272; PMCID: PMC3278057.
- Whelton PK, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):1269-1324. PMID: 29133354.
- Steiner T, Al-Shahi Salman R, Beer R, et al; European Stroke Organisation. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(7):840-855. doi:10.1111/ijs.12309
Primary Literature
Antifibrinolytics
- CRASH-3 trial collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, disability, vascular occlusive events and other morbidities in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (CRASH-3): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Nov 9;394(10210):1713-1723. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32233-0. Epub 2019 Oct 14. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Nov 9;394(10210):1712. PMID: 31623894; PMCID: PMC6853170.
- Sprigg N, et al; TICH-2 Investigators. Tranexamic acid for hyperacute primary IntraCerebral Haemorrhage (TICH-2): an international randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 superiority trial. Lancet. 2018 May 26;391(10135):2107-2115.
Blood Pressure Reduction
- Jauch EC, Let al. Lack of evidence for an association between hemodynamic variables and hematoma growth in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006 Aug;37(8):2061-5. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000229878.93759.a2. Epub 2006 Jun 22. PMID: 16794216.
- Anderson CS, et al; INTERACT Investigators. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 May;7(5):391-9. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70069-3. Epub 2008 Apr 7. PMID: 18396107.
- Anderson CS, Het al; INTERACT2 Investigators. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 20;368(25):2355-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1214609. Epub 2013 May 29. PMID: 23713578.
- Qureshi AI, et al; ATACH-2 Trial Investigators and the Neurological Emergency Treatment Trials Network. Intensive Blood-Pressure Lowering in Patients with Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 15;375(11):1033-43.
- Chung PW, Ket al; FAST-MAG Investigators and Coordinators. Association Between Hyperacute Stage Blood Pressure Variability and Outcome in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2018 Feb;49(2):348-354.
Surgical Intervention
- Mendelow AD, et al; STICH investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005 Jan 29-Feb 4;365(9457):387-97. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17826-X. PMID: 15680453.
- Mendelow AD, et al; STICH II Investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013 Aug 3;382(9890):397-408.
- Gregson BA, et al; STITCH(TRAUMA) investigators. Surgical Trial In Traumatic intraCerebral Haemorrhage (STITCH): a randomised controlled trial of Early Surgery compared with Initial Conservative Treatment. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Sep;19(70):1-138.
- Hanley DF, et al. Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE III): a randomised, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10175):1021–32.
Review Articles
- Cai X, Rosand J. The Evaluation and Management of Adult Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Semin Neurol. 2015 Dec;35(6):638-45. .
- Nieuwkamp DJ, de Gans K, Rinkel GJ, Algra A. Treatment and outcome of severe intraventricular extension in patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol. 2000 Feb;247(2):117-21.
- Claude Hemphill J 3rd, Lam A. Emergency Neurological Life Support: Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2017 Sep;27(Suppl 1):89-101. doi: 10.1007/s12028-017-0453-0. PMID: 28913708.
- Gaberel T, Magheru C, Emery E. Management of non-traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev. 2012 Oct;35(4):485-94; discussion 494-5.
