Guidelines
- Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, Huisman MV, Humbert M, Jennings CS, Jiménez D, Kucher N, Lang IM, Lankeit M, Lorusso R, Mazzolai L, Meneveau N, Áinle FN, Prandoni P, Pruszczyk P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Van Belle E, Zamorano JL; The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Oct 9;54(3):1901647. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01647-2019. PMID: 31473594.
- Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, Beyth R, Clark NP, Cuker A, Hutten BA, Jaff MR, Manja V, Schulman S, Thurston C, Vedantham S, Verhamme P, Witt DM, D Florez I, Izcovich A, Nieuwlaat R, Ross S, J Schünemann H, Wiercioch W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Blood Adv. 2020 Oct 13;4(19):4693-4738. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001830. PMID: 33007077; PMCID: PMC7556153.
- Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, Bounameaux H, Doerschug K, Geersing GJ, Huisman MV, Kearon C, King CS, Knighton AJ, Lake E, Murin S, Vintch JRE, Wells PS, Moores LK. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2021 Dec;160(6):e545-e608. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.055. Epub 2021 Aug 2. Erratum in: Chest. 2022 Jul;162(1):269. PMID: 34352278.
Primary Literature
Altepalse
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- Sors H, Pacouret G, Azarian R, et al. Hemodynamic effects of bolus 2-h infusion of alteplase in acute massive pulmonary embolism. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Chest.1994; 106(3):712-717.
- Dalla-Volta S, Palla A, Santolicandro A, et al. PAIMS 2: alteplase combined with heparin versus heparin in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Plasminogen activator Italian multicenter study 2. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20(3):520-526
- Goldhaber SZ, Haire WD, Feldstein ML, et al. Alteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism: randomised trial assessing right-ventricular function and pulmonary perfusion. Lancet. 1993; 341(8844):507-511.
- Levine M, Hirsh J, Weitz J, et al. A randomized trial of a single bolus dosage regimen of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1990; 98(6):1473-1479.
- Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Heusel G, et al. For the Management Strategies and Prognosis of Pulmonary Embolism-3 investigators. Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. NEnglJMed. 2002; 347(15):1143-1150.
- Fasullo S, Scalzo S, Maringhini G, et al. Six-month echocardiographic study in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism and right ventricle dysfunction: comparison of thrombolysis with heparin. Am J Med Sci. 2011;341(1):33-39.
- Sharifi M, Bay C, Skrocki L, et al. For the MOPETT investigators. Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the “MOPETT” trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):273-277.
- PIOPED Investigation Committee. Tissue plasminogen activator for the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. A collaborative study by the PIOPED investigators. Chest. 1990;97(3):528-533.
- Goldhaber SZ, Kessler CM, Heit J, et al. Randomised controlled trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus urokinase in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Lancet. 1988;332(8606):293-298
- Goldhaber SZ, Kessler CM, Heit JA, et al. Recombinant tissuetype plasminogen activator versus a novel dosing regimen of urokinase in acute pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20(1):24-30.
- Meyer G, Sors H, Charbonnier B, et al. Effects of intravenous urokinase versus alteplase on total pulmonary resistance in acute massive pulmonary embolism: a European multicenter doubleblind trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(2):239-245.
- Meneveau N, Schiele F, Vuillemenot A, et al. Streptokinase vs alteplase in massive pulmonary embolism. A randomized trial assessing right heart haemodynamics and pulmonary vascular obstruction. Eur Heart J. 1997;18(7):1141-1148.
- Meneveau N, Schiele F, Metz D, et al. Comparative efficacy of a two-hour regimen of streptokinase versus alteplase in acute massive pulmonary embolism: immediate clinical and hemodynamic outcome and one-year follow-up 1. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31(5):1057-1063.
- Tebbe U, Graf A, Kamke W, et al. Hemodynamic effects of double bolus reteplase versus alteplase infusion in massive pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J. 1999;138(1 Pt 1):39-44.
Tenceteplase
- Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. For the PEITHO investigators. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1402-1411.
- Becattini C, Agnelli G, Salvi A, et al. For the TIPES study group. Bolus tenecteplase for right ventricle dysfunction in hemodynamically stable patients with pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2010(3);125:e82-e86
- Kline JA, Nordenholz KE, Courtney DM, et al. Treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism with tenecteplase or placebo: cardiopulmonary outcomes at 3 months: multicenter doubleblind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(4):459-468
Pulmonary Embolism Response Team
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- Carroll BJ, Pemberton H, Bauer KA, et al. Initiation of a multidisciplinary, rapid response team to massive and submassive pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(8):1393-1398.
- Serhal M, Haddadin IS, Heresi GA, et al. Pulmonary embolism response teams. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2017;44(1):19-29.
Review Article
- Igneri LA, Hammer JM. Systemic Thrombolytic Therapy for Massive and Submassive Pulmonary Embolism. J Pharm Pract. 2020 Feb;33(1):74-89. doi: 10.1177/0897190018767769. Epub 2018 Apr 19. PMID: 29673293.
- Long B, Koyfman A. Current Controversies in Thrombolytic Use in Acute Pulmonary Embolism. J Emerg Med. 2016 Jul;51(1):37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.02.024. Epub 2016 Apr 9. PMID: 27071316.
- Zuo Z, Yue J, Dong BR, Wu T, Liu GJ, Hao Q. Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 15;4(4):CD004437. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004437.pub6. PMID: 33857326; PMCID: PMC8092433.
- Nguyen PC, Stevens H, Peter K, McFadyen JD. Submassive Pulmonary Embolism: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. J Clin Med. 2021 Jul 30;10(15):3383. doi: 10.3390/jcm10153383. PMID: 34362166; PMCID: PMC8347177.
