Guidelines
- Baugh CW, Levine M, Cornutt D, et al. Anticoagulant reversal strategies in the emergency department setting: recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76(4):470-485.
- Frontera JA, Lewin JJ, Rabinstein AA, et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the neurocritical care society and society of critical care medicine. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24(1):6-46.
- Cuker A, Burnett A, Triller D, et al. Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: Guidance from the Anticoagulation Forum. Am J Hematol. 2019;94(6):697-709.
- Milling TJ, Refaai MA, Sengupta N. Anticoagulant reversal in gastrointestinal bleeding: review of treatment guidelines. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66(11):3698-3714.
Primary Literature
Warfarin- Goldstein JN, Refaai MA, Milling TJ, et al. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus plasma for rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients needing urgent surgical or invasive interventions: a phase 3b, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9982):2077-2087.
- Stoecker Z, Van Amber B, Woster C, et al. Evaluation of fixed versus variable dosing of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;48:282-287.
- Bitonti MT, Rumbarger RL, Absher RK, Curran LM. Prospective evaluation of a fixed-dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate protocol for urgent vitamin k antagonist reversal. J Emerg Med. 2020;58(2):324-329.
- Berger K, Santibañez M, Lin L, Lesch CA. A low-dose 4F-PCC protocol for DOAC-associated intracranial hemorrhage. J Intensive Care Med. 2020;35(11):1203-1208.
- Lipari L, Yang S, Milligan B, Blunck J. Emergent reversal of oral factor Xa inhibitors with four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(12):2641-2645.
- Demchuk AM, Yue P, Zotova E, et al. Hemostatic efficacy and anti-FXa (Factor Xa) reversal with andexanet alfa in intracranial hemorrhage: ANNEXA-4 substudy. Stroke. 2021;52(6):2096-2105.
- Cascone AE, Daley MJ, Pan N, Padilla-Tolentino E, Milling TJ. Low-dose versus standard-dose four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for factor-Xa inhibitor reversal in spontaneous and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Pharmacotherapy. 2021;41(6):501-507.
- Smith MN, Deloney L, Carter C, Weant KA, Eriksson EA. Safety, efficacy, and cost of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) in patients with factor Xa inhibitor-related bleeding: a retrospective study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2019 Apr 2.
- Pham H, Medford WG, Horst S, et al. Evaluation of andexanet alfa versus four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for the reversal of apixaban- or rivaroxaban-associated intracranial hemorrhages. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;55:38-44.
Review Articles
- Milling TJ, Pollack CV. A review of guidelines on anticoagulation reversal across different clinical scenarios – Is there a general consensus? Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(9):1890-1903.
- Yee J, Kaide CG. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20(5):770-783.
- Bower MM, Sweidan AJ, Shafie M, Atallah S, Groysman LI, Yu W. Contemporary reversal of oral anticoagulation in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2019;50(2):529-536.
- Garcia DA, Crowther MA. Reversal of warfarin: case-based practice recommendations. Circulation. 2012;125(23):2944-2947.
Podcasts & Medical Blogs
- EM Docs: Fixed-Dose PCC Dosing for Vitamin K Antagonist-Associated Hemorrhage: Is it Safe and Effective?
- Emergency Medicine Cases Episode 89 – DOACs Part 2: Bleeding and Reversal Agents
- RebelEM: Andexanet Alfa Vs. Four-Factor PCC: Is Andexanet Alfa Worth The Hype?
- ALiEM Anticoagulant Reversal in Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Behind the Knife Big T Trauma Series Ep. 4 – TEG and Anticoagulant Reversal
- SCCM Pod-383 Anticoagulant Reversal
