Guidelines
●Part 1: Executive Summary: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Adam Cheng, MD, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Katherine M. Berg, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, Resuscitation Education Science, and Systems of Care Writing Groups
●Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Guidelines Development: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care David J. Magid, MD, MPH, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Adam Cheng, MD, Mary Fran Hazinski, RN, MSN, Amber V. Hoover, RN, MSN, Melissa Mahgoub, PhD, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Amber J. Rodriguez, PhD, Aaron Donoghue, MD, MSCE, Katherine M. Berg, MD, Henry C. Lee, MD, Tia T. Raymond, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Adam Cheng, MD, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Katherine M. Berg, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, Resuscitation Education Science, and Systems of Care Writing Groups
●Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Chair, Jason A. Bartos, MD, PhD, José G. Cabañas, MD, MPH, Michael W. Donnino, MD, Ian R. Drennan, ACP, PhD(C), Karen G. Hirsch, MD, Peter J. Kudenchuk, MD, Michael C. Kurz, MD, MS, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, Peter T. Morley, MBBS, Brian J. O’Neil, MD, Mary Ann Peberdy, MD, Jon C. Rittenberger, MD, MS, Amber J. Rodriguez, PhD, Kelly N. Sawyer, MD, MS, Katherine M. Berg, MD, Vice Chair, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support Writing Group Julie Arafeh, RN, MSN, Justin L. Benoit, MD, MS, Maureen Chase, MD, MPH, Antonio Fernandez, Edison Ferreira de Paiva, MD, PhD, Bryan L. Fischberg, NRP, Gustavo E. Flores, MD, EMT-P, Peter Fromm, MPH, RN, Raul Gazmuri, MD, PhD, Blayke Courtney Gibson, MD, Theresa Hoadley, MD, PhD, Cindy H. Hsu, MD, PhD, Mahmoud Issa, MD, Adam Kessler, DO, Mark S. Link, MD, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, Keith Marrill, MD, Tonia Nicholson, MBBS, Joseph P. Ornato, MD, Garrett Pacheco, MD, Michael Parr, MB, Rahul Pawar, MBBS, MD, James Jaxton, MD, Sarah M. Perman, MD, MSCE, James Pribble, MD, Derek Robinett, MD, Daniel Rolston, MD, Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, Sree Veena Satyapriya, MD, Travis Sharkey, MD, PhD, Jasmeet Soar, MA, MB, BChir, Deb Torman, MBA, MEd, AT, ATC, EMT-P, Benjamin Von Schweinitz, Anezi Uzendu, MD, Carolyn M. Zelop, MD, David J. Magid, MD, MPH Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Adam Cheng, MD, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Katherine M. Berg, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, Resuscitation Education Science, and Systems of Care Writing Groups
● Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular CareAlexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Chair, Tia T. Raymond, MD, Vice-Chair, Dianne Atkins, MD, Melissa Chan, MD, Jonathan P. Duff, MD, MEd, Benny L. Joyner Jr, MD, MPH, Javier J. Lasa, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, Arielle Levy, MD, MEd, Melissa Mahgoub, PhD, Garth D. Meckler, MD, MSHS, Kathryn E. Roberts, MSN, RN, Robert M. Sutton, MD, MSCE, Stephen M. Schexnayder, MD, On behalf of the Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support Collaborators Ronald A. Bronicki, MD, Allan R. de Caen, MD, Anne Marie Guerguerian, MD, PhD, Kelly D. Kadlec, MD, MEd, Monica E. Kleinman, MD, Lynda J. Knight, MSN, RN, Taylor N. McCormick, MD, MSc, Ryan W. Morgan, MD, MTR, Joan S. Roberts, MD, Barnaby R. Scholefield, MBBS, PhD, Sarah Tabbutt, MD, PhD, Ravi Thiagarajan, MBBS, MPH, Janice Tijssen, MD, MSc, Brian Walsh, PhD, RRT, RRT-NPS, Arno Zaritsky, MD. Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Adam Cheng, MD, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Katherine M. Berg, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, Resuscitation Education Science, and Systems of Care Writing Groups Steiner T, Al-Shahi Salman R, Beer R, et al; European Stroke Organisation. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(7):840-855. doi:10.1111/ijs.12309
●Part 5: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Chair, Henry C. Lee, MD, Vice Chair, Marilyn B. Escobedo, MD, Amber V. Hoover, RN, MSN, Beena D. Kamath-Rayne, MD, MPH, Vishal S. Kapadia, MD, MSCS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, Susan Niermeyer, MD, MPH, Georg M. Schmölzer, MD, PhD, Edgardo Szyld, MD, MSc, Gary M. Weiner, MD, Myra H. Wyckoff, MD, Nicole K. Yamada, MD, MS, Jeanette Zaichkin, RN, MN, NNP-BCRaina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Adam Cheng, MD, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Katherine M. Berg, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, Resuscitation Education Science, and Systems of Care Writing Groups
●Part 6: Resuscitation Education Science: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Adam Cheng, MD, Chair, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, Marc Auerbach, MD, MSCE, Farhan Bhanji, MD, MEd, Blair L. Bigham, MD, MSc, Audrey L. Blewer, PhD, MPH, Katie N. Dainty, MSc, PhD, Emily Diederich, MD, MS, Yiqun Lin, MD, MHSc, PhD, Marion Leary, RN, MSN, MPH, Melissa Mahgoub, PhD, Mary E. Mancini, RN, PhD, Kenneth Navarro, PhD(c), Aaron Donoghue, MD, MSCE, Vice Chair Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Adam Cheng, MD, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Katherine M. Berg, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, Resuscitation Education Science, and Systems of Care Writing Groups
●Part 7: Systems of Care: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Katherine M. Berg, MD, Chair, Adam Cheng, MD, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Farhan Bhanji, MD, MSc (Ed), Blair L. Bigham, MD, MSc, Karen G. Hirsch, MD, Amber V. Hoover, RN, MSN, Michael C. Kurz, MD, MS, Arielle Levy, MD, MEd, Yiqun Lin, MD, MHSc, PhD, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, Melissa Mahgoub, PhD, Mary Ann Peberdy, MD, Amber J. Rodriguez, PhD, Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, and Resuscitation Education Science Writing Groups Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Alexis A. Topjian, MD, MSCE, Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD, Adam Cheng, MD, Khalid Aziz, MBBS, MA, MEd(IT), Katherine M. Berg, MD, Eric J. Lavonas, MD, MS, David J. Magid, MD, MPH, On behalf of the Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support, Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support, Neonatal Life Support, Resuscitation Education Science, and Systems of Care Writing Groups
Primary Literature
Vasoactive Medications
● Haywood KL, Ji C, Quinn T, Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Scomparin C, Lall R, Gates S, Long J, Regan S, Fothergill RT, Pocock H, Rees N, O’Shea L, Perkins GD. Long term outcomes of participants in the PARAMEDIC2 randomised trial of adrenaline in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2021 Mar;160:84-93. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.019. Epub 2021 Jan 30. PMID: 33524488.
●Aves T, Chopra A, Patel M, Lin S. Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb;48(2):225-229. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004130. PMID: 31939791.
●Ran L, Liu J, Tanaka H, Hubble MW, Hiroshi T, Huang W. Early Administration of Adrenaline for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 2;9(11):e014330. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014330. Epub 2020
●Kempton H, Vlok R, Thang C, Melhuish T, White L. Standard dose epinephrine versus placebo in out of hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Mar;37(3):511-517. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.12.055. Epub 2019 Jan 11. PMID: 30658877.
●Perkins GD, Kenna C, Ji C, Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Quinn T, Fothergill R, Gunson I, Pocock H, Rees N, Charlton K, Finn J, Gates S, Lall R. The effects of adrenaline in out of hospital cardiac arrest with shockable and non-shockable rhythms: Findings from the PACA and PARAMEDIC-2 randomised controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2019 Jul;140:55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.05.007. Epub 2019 May 19. PMID: 31116964.
●Ng KT, Teoh WY. The Effect of Prehospital Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019 Oct;34(5):532-539. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X19004758. Epub 2019 Aug 28. PMID: 31455452.
●Finn J, Jacobs I, Williams TA, Gates S, Perkins GD. Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 17;1(1):CD003179. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003179.pub2. PMID: 30653257; PMCID: PMC6492484.
●Holmberg MJ, Issa MS, Moskowitz A, Morley P, Welsford M, Neumar RW, Paiva EF, Coker A, Hansen CK, Andersen LW, Donnino MW, Berg KM; International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Advanced Life Support Task Force Collaborators. Vasopressors during adult cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2019 Jun;139:106-121. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.04.008. Epub 2019 Apr 10. PMID: 30980877.
●Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD, Quinn T, Nolan JP, Scomparin C, Regan S, Long J, Slowther A, Pocock H, Black JJM, Moore F, Fothergill RT, Rees N, O’Shea L, Docherty M, Gunson I, Han K, Charlton K, Finn J, Petrou S, Stallard N, Gates S, Lall R; PARAMEDIC2 Collaborators. A Randomized Trial of Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 23;379(8):711-721. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1806842. Epub 2018 Jul 18. PMID: 30021076.
●Grunau B, Kawano T, Scheuermeyer FX, Drennan I, Fordyce CB, van Diepen S, Reynolds J, Lin S, Christenson J. The Association of the Average Epinephrine Dosing Interval and Survival With Favorable Neurologic Status at Hospital Discharge in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Dec;74(6):797-806. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.04.031. Epub 2019 Jun 24. PMID: 31248676.
●Belletti A, Benedetto U, Putzu A, Martino EA, Biondi-Zoccai G, Angelini GD, Zangrillo A, Landoni G. Vasopressors During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Crit Care Med. 2018 May;46(5):e443-e451. doi: 10.109
●Zhang Q, Liu B, Zhao L, Qi Z, Shao H, An L, Li C. Efficacy of vasopressin-epinephrine compared to epinephrine alone for out of hospital cardiac arrest patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2017 Oct;35(10):1555-1560. doi: 1
●Loomba RS, Nijhawan K, Aggarwal S, Arora RR. Increased return of spontaneous circulation at the expense of neurologic outcomes: Is prehospital epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest really worth it? J Crit Care. 2015 Dec;30(6):1376-81. doi:
●Ghafourian N, Maniae NH, Taherikalani M, Mehrazi M, Hossieni M, Valian F, Karami S, Rahmatian Y, Tavakoli N. Combination of Vasopressin -Epinephrine as a Novel Candidate in Patients with Cardiac Arrest. Recent Adv Cardiovasc Drug Discov. 2015;10(1):
●Layek A, Maitra S, Pal S, Bhattacharjee S, Baidya DK. Efficacy of vasopressin during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in adult patients: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2014 Jul;85(7):855-63. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.03.303. Epub 2014 Apr 2.
●Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C, Konstantopoulos D, Ntaidou T, Papastylianou A, Kolliantzaki I, Theodoridi M, Ischaki H, Makris D, Zakynthinos E, Zintzaras E, Sourlas S, Aloizos S, Zakynthinos SG. Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Jul 17;310(3):270-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.7832. PMID: 23860985.
●Ong ME, Tiah L, Leong BS, Tan EC, Ong VY, Tan EA, Poh BY, Pek PP, Chen Y. A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department. Resuscitation. 2012 Aug;83(8):953-60. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.02.005. Epub 2012 Feb 18. PMID: 22353644.
●Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Siempos I, Malachias S, Ulmer H, Wenzel V. Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2012 Jan;83(1):32-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.07.015. Epub 2011 Jul 2
●Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL. Effect of adrenaline on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2011 Sep;82(9):1138-43. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.029. Epub 2011 Jul 2. PMID: 21745533.
●Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E, Hubert H, Dubien PY, Mauriaucourt P, Bragança C, Billères X, Clotteau-Lambert MP, Fuster P, Thiercelin D, Debaty G, Ricard-Hibon A, Roux P, Espesson C, Querellou E, Ducros L, Ecollan P, Halbout L, Savary D, Guillaumée F, Maupoint R, Capelle P, Bracq C, Dreyfus P, Nouguier P, Gache A, Meurisse C, Boulanger B, Lae C, Metzger J, Raphael V, Beruben A, Wenzel V, Guinhouya C, Vilhelm C, Marret E. Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 3;359(1):21-30. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0706873. PMID: 18596271.
●Koshman SL, Zed PJ, Abu-Laban RB. Vasopressin in cardiac arrest. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 Oct;39(10):1687-92. doi: 10.1345/aph.1G187. Epub 2005 Aug 23. PMID: 16118265.
Antiarrhythmics
●Zhao H, Fan K, Feng G. Amiodarone and/or lidocaine for cardiac arrest: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Oct;38(10):2185-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.074. Epub 2020 Jul 5. PMID: 33071078.
●Gottlieb M, Dyer S, Peksa GD. Beta-blockade for the treatment of cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2020 Jan 1;146:118-125. doi: 10.1016/j.resusc
●Miraglia D, Miguel LA, Alonso W. Esmolol in the management of pre-hospital refractory ventricular fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Sep;38(9):1921-1934. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.083. Epub 2020 May 29. PMID:
●Ludwin K, Smereka J, Nadolny K, Ładny JR, Szarpak A, Fajfer Z, Jaguszewski M, Filipiak KJ, Szarpak Ł. Effect of amiodarone and lidocaine on shock-refractory cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kardiol Pol. 2020 Oct 23;78(10):999-1
●Salcido DD, Schmicker RH, Kime N, Buick JE, Cheskes S, Grunau B, Zellner S, Zive D, Aufderheide TP, Koller AC, Herren H, Nuttall J, Sundermann ML, Menegazzi JJ; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Effects of intra-resuscitation antiarrhythmic administration on rearrest occurrence and intra-resuscitation ECG characteristics in the ROC ALPS trial. Resuscitation. 2018 Aug;129:6-12. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.05.028. Epub 2018 May 24. PMID: 29803703; PMCID: PMC6825817.
●Chowdhury A, Fernandes B, Melhuish TM, White LD. Antiarrhythmics in Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ. 2018 Mar;27(3):280-290. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.07.004. Epub 2017 Aug 23. PMID: 28988724.
●Kudenchuk PJ, Leroux BG, Daya M, Rea T, Vaillancourt C, Morrison LJ, Callaway CW, Christenson J, Ornato JP, Dunford JV, Wittwer L, Weisfeldt ML, Aufderheide TP, Vilke GM, Idris AH, Stiell IG, Colella MR, Kayea T, Egan D, Desvigne-Nickens P, Gray P, Gray R, Straight R, Dorian P; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Nonshockable-Turned-Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The ALPS Study (Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo). Circulation. 2017 Nov 28;136(22):2119-2131. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028624. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28904070; PMCID: PMC5705566.
●Wiesmann T, Freitag D, Dersch W, Eschbach D, Irqsusi M, Steinfeldt T, Wulf H, Feldmann C. Dantrolene versus amiodarone for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized, double-blinded experimental study. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 18;7:40875. doi: 10.1038/sre
●Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M, Rea T, Nichol G, Morrison LJ, Leroux B, Vaillancourt C, Wittwer L, Callaway CW, Christenson J, Egan D, Ornato JP, Weisfeldt ML, Stiell IG, Idris AH, Aufderheide TP, Dunford JV, Colella MR, Vilke GM, Brienza AM, Desvigne-Nickens P, Gray PC, Gray R, Seals N, Straight R, Dorian P; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 5;374(18):1711-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1514204. Epub 2016 Apr 4. PMID: 27043165.
●Laina A, Karlis G, Liakos A, Georgiopoulos G, Oikonomou D, Kouskouni E, Chalkias A, Xanthos T. Amiodarone and cardiac arrest: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:780-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.138. Epub 2016 Jul
●Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M, Morrison LJ, Grunau BE, Rea T, Aufderheide T, Powell J, Leroux B, Vaillancourt C, Larsen J, Wittwer L, Colella MR, Stephens SW, Gamber M, Egan D, Dorian P; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): Rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial. Am Heart J. 2014 May;167(5):653-9.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.02.010. Epub 2014 Mar 1. PMID: 24766974; PMCID: PMC4014351.
●Huang Y, He Q, Yang M, Zhan L. Antiarrhythmia drugs for cardiac arrest: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2013 Aug 12;17(4):R173. doi: 10.1186/cc12852. PMID: 23938138; PMCID: PMC4056084.
Thrombolytics
●Javaudin F, Lascarrou JB, Le Bastard Q, Bourry Q, Latour C, De Carvalho H, Le Conte P, Escutnaire J, Hubert H, Montassier E, Leclère B; Research Group of the French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry (GR-RéAC). Thrombolysis During Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Caused by Pulmonary Embolism Increases 30-Day Survival: Findings From the French National Cardiac Arrest Registry. Chest. 2019 Dec;156(6):1167-1175. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.07.015. Epub 2019 Aug 2. PMID: 31381884.
●Summers K, Schultheis J, Raiff D, Dahhan T. Evaluation of Rescue Thrombolysis in Cardiac Arrest Secondary to Suspected or Confirmed Pulmonary Embolism. Ann Pharmacother. 2019 Jul;53(7):711-715. doi: 10.1177/1060028019828423. Epub 2019 Jan 30. PMID:
●Luiz T, Wilhelms A, Madler C, Pollach G, Haaff B, Grüttner J, Viergutz T. Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after fibrinolysis with reteplase in comparison to the return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest score in a geographic region without emergency coronary intervention. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Apr;13(4):1598-1603. doi: 10.3892/etm.2017.4155. Epub 2017 Feb 22. PMID: 28413515; PMCID: PMC5377519.
●Bozeman WP, Kleiner DM, Ferguson KL. Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions. Resuscitation. 2006 Jun;69(3):399-406
●Wang Y, Wang M, Ni Y, Liang B, Liang Z. Can Systemic Thrombolysis Improve Prognosis of Cardiac Arrest Patients During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Emerg Med. 2019 Oct;57(4):478-487. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.
●Sharifi M, Berger J, Beeston P, Bay C, Vajo Z, Javadpoor S; “PEAPETT” investigators. Pulseless electrical activity in pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the “PEAPETT” study). Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Oct;34(10):1963-1967. doi: 10.1016/j.
●Li YQ, Sun SJ, Liu N, Hu CL, Wei HY, Li H, Liao XX, Li X. Comparing percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolysis in patients with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013 Apr;68(4):523-9. doi: 10.6061/
●Böttiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA, Bluhmki E, Belmans A, Danays T, Carli PA, Adgey JA, Bode C, Wenzel V; TROICA Trial Investigators; European Resuscitation Council Study Group. Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 18;359(25):2651-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070570. PMID: 19092151.
●Spöhr F, Böttiger BW. Thrombolyse während Reanimation – Aktuelle Datenlage und Empfehlungen [Emergency medicine and myocardial ischaemia – thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – available data and recommendations]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2008 Mar;43(3):226-30; quiz 231. German. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1070974. PMID: 18350476.
●Li X, Fu QL, Jing XL, Li YJ, Zhan H, Ma ZF, Liao XX. A meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with and without the administration of thrombolytic agents. Resuscitation. 2006 Jul;70(1):31-6. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.11.016. Epub 2006
●Bozeman WP, Kleiner DM, Ferguson KL. Empiric tenecteplase is associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation and short term survival in cardiac arrest patients unresponsive to standard interventions. Resuscitation. 2006 Jun;69(3):399-406
●Fatovich DM, Dobb GJ, Clugston RA. A pilot randomised trial of thrombolysis in cardiac arrest (The TICA trial). Resuscitation. 2004 Jun;61(3):309-13. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.01.016. PMID: 15172710.
●Böttiger BW, Bode C, Kern S, Gries A, Gust R, Glätzer R, Bauer H, Motsch J, Martin E. Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet. 2001 May 19;357(9268)
Drug Administration/Routes
●Granfeldt A, Avis SR, Lind PC, Holmberg MJ, Kleinman M, Maconochie I, Hsu CH, Fernanda de Almeida M, Wang TL, Neumar RW, Andersen LW. Intravenous vs. intraosseous administration of drugs during cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Resuscitation. 2020 Apr;149:150-157. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.02.025. Epub 2020 Mar 3. PMID: 32142750.
●Johnson D, Giles K, Acuna A, Saenz C, Bentley M, Budinich C. Effects of tibial intraosseous and IV administration of vasopressin on kinetics and survivability in cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Mar;34(3):429-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.11.027.
●Burgert JM, Johnson AD, Garcia-Blanco J, Fulton LV, Loughren MJ. The Resuscitative and Pharmacokinetic Effects of Humeral Intraosseous Vasopressin in a Swine Model of Ventricular Fibrillation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017 Jun;32(3):305-310. doi: 10.10
●Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Ji C, Gates S, Rosser A, Lall R, Perkins GD. Intraosseous versus intravenous administration of adrenaline in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the PARAMEDIC2 placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020 May;46(5):954-962. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05920-7. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32002593.
●Tan BKK, Chin YX, Koh ZX, Md Said NAZB, Rahmat M, Fook-Chong S, Ng YY, Ong MEH. Clinical evaluation of intravenous alone versus intravenous or intraosseous access for treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2021 Feb;159:129-136.
●Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Ji C, Gates S, Rosser A, Lall R, Perkins GD. Intraosseous versus intravenous administration of adrenaline in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the PARAMEDIC2 placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020 May;46(5):954-962. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05920-7. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32002593.
●Perkins GD, Kenna C, Ji C, Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Quinn T, Scomparin C, Fothergill R, Gunson I, Pocock H, Rees N, O’Shea L, Finn J, Gates S, Lall R. The influence of time to adrenaline administration in the Paramedic 2 randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Mar;46(3):426-436. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05836-2. Epub 2020 Jan 7. PMID: 31912202; PMCID: PMC7067734.
●Burgert JM, Johnson AD, Garcia-Blanco J, Froehle J, Morris T, Althuisius B, Richards J, Castano C. The effects of proximal and distal routes of intraosseous epinephrine administration on short-term resuscitative outcome measures in an adult swine model of ventricular fibrillation: a randomized controlled study. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Jan;34(1):49-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.09.007. Epub 2015 Sep 21. PMID: 26462903.
●Ohshimo S, Wang CH, Couto TB, Bingham R, Mok YH, Kleinman M, Aickin R, Ziegler C, DeCaen A, Atkins DL, Maconochie I, Rabi Y, Morrison L; International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) Pediatric Task Force. Pediatric timing of epinephrine doses: A systematic review. Resuscitation. 2021 Mar;160:106-117. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.015. Epub 2021 Jan 30. PMID: 33529645.
●Daya MR, Leroux BG, Dorian P, Rea TD, Newgard CD, Morrison LJ, Lupton JR, Menegazzi JJ, Ornato JP, Sopko G, Christenson J, Idris A, Mody P, Vilke GM, Herdeman C, Barbic D, Kudenchuk PJ; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Survival After Intravenous Versus Intraosseous Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Shock-Refractory Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. 2020 Jan 21;141(3):188-198. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042240. Epub 2020 Jan 16. PMID: 31941354; PMCID: PMC7009320.
TTM and ECPR
●Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G, Jakobsen JC, Levin H, Ullén S, Rylander C, Wise MP, Oddo M, Cariou A, Bělohlávek J, Hovdenes J, Saxena M, Kirkegaard H, Young PJ, Pelosi P, Storm C, Taccone FS, Joannidis M, Callaway C, Eastwood GM, Morgan MPG, Nordberg P, Erlinge D, Nichol AD, Chew MS, Hollenberg J, Thomas M, Bewley J, Sweet K, Grejs AM, Christensen S, Haenggi M, Levis A, Lundin A, Düring J, Schmidbauer S, Keeble TR, Karamasis GV, Schrag C, Faessler E, Smid O, Otáhal M, Maggiorini M, Wendel Garcia PD, Jaubert P, Cole JM, Solar M, Borgquist O, Leithner C, Abed-Maillard S, Navarra L, Annborn M, Undén J, Brunetti I, Awad A, McGuigan P, Bjørkholt Olsen R, Cassina T, Vignon P, Langeland H, Lange T, Friberg H, Nielsen N; TTM2 Trial Investigators. Hypothermia versus Normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 17;384(24):2283-2294. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2100591. PMID: 34133859.
●Lascarrou JB, Merdji H, Le Gouge A, Colin G, Grillet G, Girardie P, Coupez E, Dequin PF, Cariou A, Boulain T, Brule N, Frat JP, Asfar P, Pichon N, Landais M, Plantefeve G, Quenot JP, Chakarian JC, Sirodot M, Legriel S, Letheulle J, Thevenin D, Desachy A, Delahaye A, Botoc V, Vimeux S, Martino F, Giraudeau B, Reignier J; CRICS-TRIGGERSEP Group. Targeted Temperature Management for Cardiac Arrest with Nonshockable Rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 12;381(24):2327-2337. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1906661. Epub 2019 Oct 2. PMID: 31577396.
●Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, Horn J, Hovdenes J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Pellis T, Stammet P, Wanscher M, Wise MP, Åneman A, Al-Subaie N, Boesgaard S, Bro-Jeppesen J, Brunetti I, Bugge JF, Hingston CD, Juffermans NP, Koopmans M, Køber L, Langørgen J, Lilja G, Møller JE, Rundgren M, Rylander C, Smid O, Werer C, Winkel P, Friberg H; TTM Trial Investigators. Targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 5;369(23):2197-206. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310519. Epub 2013 Nov 17. PMID: 24237006.
●Kalra R, Arora G, Patel N, Doshi R, Berra L, Arora P, Bajaj NS. Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. Anesth Analg. 2018 Mar;126(3):867-875. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002646. PMID: 29239942; PMCI
●Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 21;346(8):549-56. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012689. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2002 May 30;346(22):1756.
●Pineton de Chambrun M, Bréchot N, Lebreton G, Schmidt M, Hekimian G, Demondion P, Trouillet JL, Leprince P, Chastre J, Combes A, Luyt CE. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock post-cardiac arrest. Intensiv
●Bhandary SP, Joseph N, Hofmann JP, Saranteas T, Papadimos TJ. Extracorporeal life support for refractory ventricular tachycardia. Ann Transl Med. 2017 Feb;5(4):73. doi: 10.21037/atm.2017.01.39. PMID: 28275618; PMCID: PMC5337221.
●Napp LC, Sanchez Martinez C, Akin M, Garcheva V, Kühn C, Bauersachs J, Schäfer A. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for eCPR in the emergency room in patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. PLoS One. 2020 Sep 28;15(9):e0239
●Yannopoulos D, Bartos J, Raveendran G, Walser E, Connett J, Murray TA, Collins G, Zhang L, Kalra R, Kosmopoulos M, John R, Shaffer A, Frascone RJ, Wesley K, Conterato M, Biros M, Tolar J, Aufderheide TP. Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients
Review Articles
●Rea T, Kudenchuk PJ, Sayre MR, Doll A, Eisenberg M. Out of hospital cardiac arrest: Past, present, and future. Resuscitation. 2021 Aug;165:101-109. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.06.010. Epub 2021 Jun 21. PMID: 34166740.
●DiLibero J, Misto K. Outcomes of In-hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review of the Evidence. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2021 Sep;33(3):343-356. doi: 10.1016/j.cnc.2021.05.009. Epub 2021 Jun 16. PMID: 34340795.
●Nolan JP, Ornato JP, Parr MJA, Perkins GD, Soar J. Resuscitation highlights in 2020. Resuscitation. 2021 May;162:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.037. Epub 2021 Feb 9. PMID: 33577963.
●Miraglia D, Ayala JE. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adults with shock-refractory cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2021 Jan 18;2(1):e12361. doi: 10.1002/emp2.12361. PMID: 33506232; PMCID: PMC7813516.
●Nakahara S, Nagao T, Nishi R, Sakamoto T. Task-shift Model in Pre-hospital Care and Standardized Nationwide Data Collection in Japan: Improved Outcomes for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients. JMA J. 2021 Jan 29;4(1):8-16. doi: 10.31662/jmaj.202
●Goyal A, Chhabra L, Sciammarella JC, Cooper JS. Defibrillation. 2021 Jul 18. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–. PMID: 29763074.
●van Schuppen H, Boomars R, Kooij FO, den Tex P, Koster RW, Hollmann MW. Optimizing airway management and ventilation during prehospital advanced life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A narrative review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 20
●Bornstein K, Long B, Porta AD, Weinberg G. After a century, Epinephrine’s role in cardiac arrest resuscitation remains controversial. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;39:168-172. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.103. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PMID: 33162264.
●McLure M, Eastwood K, Parr M, Bray J. A rapid review of advanced life support guidelines for cardiac arrest associated with anaphylaxis. Resuscitation. 2021 Feb;159:137-149. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.10.001. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PMID: 33068641.
Podcasts & Medical Blogs
● https://emcrit.org/emcrit/ttm2-retort/
● https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/ttm2/
● https://emcrit.org/emcrit/cardiac-arrest-science/
● https://emcrit.org/emcrit/thrombolysis-cardiac-arrest/
● https://emcrit.org/page/4/?s=cardiac+arrest
● https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/post-arrest/
● https://rebelem.com/the-arrest-trial-ecmo-or-ec-no-for-refractory-cardiac-arrest/
● https://rebelem.com/ttm2-hypothermia-vs-normothermia-for-ohca/
● https://www.theresusroom.co.uk/bicarbonate-in-arrest/
● https://www.theresusroom.co.uk/paediatric-arrest/
● https://www.theresusroom.co.uk/adrenaline-in-cardiac-arrest/
● https://www.theresusroom.co.uk/cardiac-arrest-masterclass/
● https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/icm/ttm2/
● https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/icm/arrest/
● https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/hyperion/
● https://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/alps/
