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PACULit Literature Updates September 2025: Emergency Medicine & Critical Care PACULit Daily Literature Update: Early intramuscular adrenaline administration is associated with improved survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest PACULit Daily Literature Update: Early intramuscular adrenaline administration is associated with improved survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Quiz
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  1. Question 1 of 3
    1. Question

    John is a 58-year-old male who suffers a witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrive within 5 minutes. Due to difficult intravenous access, EMS considers administering adrenaline intramuscularly as the first dose. John has no known drug allergies and no significant past medical history.

    Based on recent evidence, what is the most appropriate initial adrenaline administration strategy for John to optimize survival outcomes?

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  2. Question 2 of 3
    2. Question

    Emily is a 65-year-old female who experiences a nontraumatic OHCA. EMS arrives and initiates advanced life support. Establishing IV access is challenging, and adrenaline administration is delayed. The EMS team is considering alternative routes to expedite drug delivery.

    What is the key factor influencing the efficacy of adrenaline administration in OHCA that pharmacists should emphasize when advising EMS protocols?

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  3. Question 3 of 3
    3. Question

    A pharmacist is collaborating with a local EMS agency to update their cardiac arrest protocols. The EMS team currently administers adrenaline only after IV or IO access is established, which often delays drug delivery. The pharmacist is tasked with recommending evidence-based changes to improve patient outcomes.

    Which recommendation should the pharmacist prioritize to enhance survival outcomes based on current evidence?

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